Report

Report merupakan teks yang isinya menggambarkan sesuatu secara apa adanya sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Oleh karena itu sebelum Anda menulis teks Report, Anda harus melakukan pengamatan sistematis. Yang Anda deskripsikan bisa meliputi gejala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala- gejala sosial.

Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum misalnya tentang rumah sederhana dengan mendekripsikan ciri-ciri subyek tersebut sehingga layak dikategorikan rumah sederhana, dsb.

Tujuan Komunikatif Report: Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala- gejala sosial.

Generic Structure: General Classification – Description.

Tenses yang digunakan adalah Present Tense.

Ciri Kebahasaan:

General nouns, seperti ‘Reptiles in Comodo Insland’.

Relating verbs untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya reptiles are scaly animals (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua reptilia).

Action verbs dalam mejelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot fly.

Present tense untuk menyatakan suatu yang umum, misalnya Komodo dragons usually weight more than 160 kg.

Istilah teknis, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen. paragraf dengan topik sentence untuk menyusun sejumlah informasi.

Penting juga untuk kalian ketahui perbedaan report dengan descriptive.

Giraffe’s Spot

Most people don’t notice that giraffes have different patterns of spots. Certain species of giraffes have small spots. Other species have large spots. Some species have spots than are very regular. You can tell where one spot ends and another begins.

Other species have spots that are kind of blotchy. This means the spots are not set off from each other as clearly. These are only two of many kind of spots. The pattern of giraffe’s spots is called “marking”. No two giraffes have exactly the same marking.

Giraffe’s spots help them to blend in with their surroundings in Africa where they live. Being able to blend with surroundings helps animals survive. If a lion can’t see a giraffe, he certainly can’t eat it. This is called ‘protective coloration’. The animal’s colour helps to protect it.

Another thing that protects giraffes is their keen eyesight. Their large eyes are on the sides of their heads. Giraffes see anything that moves. They can see another animal a mile away. It is very hard to sneak up on a giraffe. Those who try usually get a quick kick with a powerful back leg.

Newspapers

Newspapers are just what their name says. They are papers that print news. They first appeared in the 1400s just after printing began. Printers produced pamphlets telling people what was happening in the country and what they thought about it.

Modern newspapers first appeared in the 1700s. Today, there are newspapers in almost every country in the world, in many different languages. Some are printed everyday, some are every week.

One of the oldest newspapers is The Times which is printed in London. It began in 1785 when it was called the Universal Daily Register. It changed its name to The Times in 1788.

Our country, Indonesia, also has a lot of newspapers. There are 94 newspapers in Indonesia. The publishing is concentrated in large cities. Jakarta has 24 dailies with half the total national circulation. Manado has 15 dailies, Medan has 12, and Surabaya has 9.

The national news agency of Indonesia is Antara (Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara). It has domestic bureaus in thirty two provincial capitals and six foreign bureaus. Antara is an independent news agency.

The Baduy Community

The Baduy Community is a unique society. The people live in Banten. It can be reached via a 10 km village road from Cibungur village in Leuwidamar district. It is a steep road.

In April and May, The Baduy Community is closed to outsiders. During this time it holds a ceremony called Seba. It is the offering of part of their agricultural products to the Head of the District. Sub Regent and the chief Resident.

In Seba ceremony the "puun of Baduy" sends out a group of representatives of Baduy Dalam as well as Baduy Luar to act as the community's spokesmen. When conducting this, the Baduy Dalam members refuse to ride any vehicle. They traveled anywhere on foot. They do this to prove their strength.

To enter this very a special Baduy area, one should obtain a written permission from the Rangkasbitung District office. He has to state the purpose of the visit. It may take one whole week to process.

Music

Music may be defined as the art of organizing sounds and silences into meaningful patterns. Music is one of the oldest arts. In the world history, every civilization is accompanied by any form of music. Thus, music is a part of every civilization.

There are many kinds of music, such as a classical music, waltz, jazz, pop music, and rock'n roll music. In this text we are going to discuss about jazz music.

Jazz began in the early 20th century as a music of black Americans. It was intended for singing, dancing, entertaining and party atmosphere. Since then, jazz continued to develop. There are many leading singers, instrumentalists, and composers in the world. Jazz also influenced almost every other kind of music. Jazz represents a blending of musical elements from Africa and from Europe. Jazz uses some European ideas of harmony and melody, but the rhythms are more African in origin. It is irregular in rhythm.

Jazz has also developed in Indonesia. Most people in Indonesia know who Ireng Maulana is. He and his band often appear on television. His band is one of the leading jazz music bands.

Animal Experimentation

Animals are widely used in laboratories. Mice, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys are a few examples

of animals used by researches and scientists for scientific and medical purposes. Scientists use the

animal to investigate biological processes in humans and animals; to study the causes of diseases; to test drugs, vaccines, and surgical techniques; and to evaluate the safety of chemicals used in pesticides, cosmetics, and other products.

Many animal function like humans so that they can be good models to understand the human body. Some animal suffer from the same diseases as humans do. Animal also carry a number of genes that are identical to human genes. With those similarities, scientists are able to learn much about the human by studying the animals.

Rain Forests

Rain forests cover about 10% of the earth, but they contain 90% of the world's animals and plants. Rain forests are found in the hottest parts of the earth. They are situated in the area from the Tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of Capricorn. This is the area on both sides of the Equator.

These forests are called rain forests because it usually rains there everyday. The-weather is always hot and humid. The main rain forests are in America, Africa, and Asia. The largest area of rain forest is Amazonia in South America. It is three times larger than the whole Of Indonesia.

Indonesia was covered by rain forests, but many of its forests have been cut down. Some fire also destroyed the Indonesian forests, especially during the dry season. It is hard now to reforest the bare land.

Streaming Video

Streaming video is a sequence of "moving images" that are sent in compressed form over the Internet and displayed by the viewer as they arrive. Streaming media is streaming video with sound. With streaming video or streaming media, a Web user does not have to wait to download a large file before seeing the video or hearing the sound. Instead, the media is sent in a continuous stream and is played as it arrives. The user needs a player, which is a special program that uncompresses and sends video data to the display and audio data to speakers. A player can be either an integral part of a browser or downloaded from the software maker's Web site.

Streaming video is usually sent from prerecorded video files, but can be distributed as part of a live broadcast "feed." In a live broadcast, the video signal is converted into a compressed digital signal and transmitted from a special Web server that is able to do multicast, sending the same file to multiple users at the same time.

World Wide Web

The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet.

The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in order to exchange business logic, use the Web to share information.

The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Netscape, to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each other via hyperlinks. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video.

Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines, like Google, millions worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and data

SMS (Short Message Service)

SMS (Short Message Service) is a communications system which exchanges short text messages between mobile telephone devices. The SMS facilitates the development and growth of text messaging.

Messages are sent to a Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) which provides a store-and-forward mechanism. It attempts to send messages to their recipients. If a recipient is not reachable, the SMSC queues the message for later retry. Some SMSCs also provide a "forward and forget" option where message delivery is tried only once. Message delivery is best effort, so there are no guarantees that a message will actually be delivered to its recipient. Delay or complete loss of a message is not uncommon, particularly when sending between networks. Users may choose to request delivery reports, which can provide confirmation that the message has reached the intended recipient.

The maximum single text message size is either 160 7-bit characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-bit characters. Characters in languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese or Slavic languages (e.g., Russian) must be encoded using the 16-bit UCS-2 character encoding.

Larger content (known as "long SMS" or multipart or segmented SMS) can be sent using multiple messages, in which case each message will start with a user data header (UDH) containing segmentation information. Long messages are often billed as equivalent to multiple SMS messages.

E-mail

E-mail is a popular communication facility. Every day, people in this world who have internet access send billions of e-mail messages. E-mail can send any messages around the world.

An e-mail is simply only a text message. In the beginning and even today, e-mail messages contain a short piece of text. At present, attachment makes many e-mail messages quite longer. With attachments, e-mail messages continue to be more sophisticated. It can send audio files, audio-video files, pictures, documents, etc. People can register to a certain email service provider. They will get their email address in the format of ---- (email account)@----(email service provider). The “@” sign is

to indicate that the user is 'at' some service provider.

With the World Wide Web, email starts to be made available with friendly web by providers such as Yahoo and Hotmail. Now, e-mail is usually without charge. Everyone has at least one email address. At present, e-mail is used by not just millions, but hundreds of millions of people.

Flood

Flood is an overflow of water that soaks or covers land. Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster worldwide. It can be caused by several things, naturally and form the effect of human behavior. The most common cause is because of the over capacity of the body of water, e.g. river or lake. As a result some of the water flows outside of the body of water. It can also occur in rivers, when the strength of the river is so high that it flows right out of the river channel. A flood from sea may be caused by a heavy storm, a high tide, a tsunami, or a combination the three.

Soil and vegetation absorbs most of the surface water, floods happen when there are lack of trees and the soil alone cannot absorb all the water. The water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried in stream channels or kept in natural ponds or man-made reservoirs. A flood can also be caused by blocked sewage pipes and waterways, such as the Jakarta flood.

There are several types of flood. Periodic floods occur naturally on many rivers, forming an area known as the flood plain. These river floods usually result from heavy rain, sometimes combined with melting snow, which causes the rivers to overflow their banks. A flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no advance warning is called a flash flood.

Earthquake

Earthquake is a sudden shaking of the earth's surface that often causes a lot of damage. It is the result of a sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes may happen naturally or as a result of human activities. Smaller earthquakes can also be caused by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes can be seen from the shaking or displacement of the ground. Sometimes, they cause tsunamis, which may lead to loss of life and damage of property. There are two types of earthquake that occurs naturally, they are tectonic and volcanic earthquakes. Tectonic earthquakes are earthquakes that are caused by tectonic plates getting stuck and putting a strain on the ground. The strain becomes so great that rocks give way by breaking and sliding along fault planes. Volcanic earthquakes are earthquakes which are caused by the movement of magma in volcanoes. In volcanic regions earthquakes may be caused both by tectonic faults and by the movement of magma in volcanoes. Such earthquakes can be an early warning of volcanic eruptions.

The size of an earthquake is usually reported using the Richter scale or a related Moment scale. Earthquakes which are 3 on the Richter scale or lower are hard to notice. Whereas, those which are 7 on the Richter scale causes serious damage over large areas.

Tornado

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air which is in contact with both a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, a cumulus cloud base and the surface of the earth. Tornadoes come in many sizes but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris.

Most tornadoes have wind speeds of 110 mph (177 km/h) or less, are about 250 feet (75 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before disappears. Some reach wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than a mile (1.6 km) across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km).

Although tornadoes have been observed on every continent except Antarctica, most occur in the United States. They also commonly occur in southern Canada, southcentral and eastern Asia, east-central South America, Southern Africa, north-western and central Europe, Italy, western and south-eastern Australia, and New Zealand.

Human Body

Your body needs energy, protein, minerals, vitamins, and fibre. In order to get all of these, it is important to have a varied and balanced diet, and to eat the right amount of food. Your body "burns" food to energy: the amount of energy provided by food is measured in units called calories.

How many calories do you need? This depends on your weight and on what you do. When you are sleep, your body uses nearly one calorie an hour for every kilogram of weight. So a person who weighs seventy kilos uses about 560 calories while sleeping for eight hours. More calories are needed for different activities from 100 calories an hour for reading or watching TV, to 350 calories an hour for playing football.

To calculate the number of calories needed per day for an everage person, first find out the person's ideal weight. Then multiply the weight by 40 for a woman or 46 for a man. A 60 - kilo woman may need about 2400 calories a day - more if she does heavy physical work and less if she is very inactive.

Whales

Whales are sea-living mammals. They therefore breathe air but cannot survive on land. Some species are very large indeed and blue whale, which can exceed 30 cm in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are important differences in its external structure: its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat, horizontal paddles (the tail of a fish is vertical) and it has a single nostril on top of its large, broad head. The skin is smooth and shiny and beneath it lays a layer of fat (blubber). This is up to 30 cm in thickness and serves to conserve heat and body fluids.

Fax Machine

Fax, the short term for facsimile is a telecommunications technology used to transfer copies (facsimiles) of documents, especially using affordable devices operating over the telephone network. The word telefax, short for telefacsimile, for "make a copy at a distance", is also used as a synonym. The device is also known as a telecopier in certain industries. When sending documents to people at large distances, faxes have a distinct advantage over postal mail in that the delivery is nearly instantenous, yet its disadvantages in quality and its proprietary format have relegated it to a position beneath email as the prevailing form of electronic document tranferral.

Goannas

Goannas are large Australian lizards which belong to the reptile family.Goannas are yellowish-brown in colour and grow to about a metre in length.They live in burrows and eat insects, lizards, mice, eggs, and flesh of dead animals. To breed, the female goanna lays about six eggs in a termite mound.

RADIO

The radio is one of the most popular mass media in the world. Almost all people are familiar with it and most of them own one.

The radio is effective for distance communication. People get information about the world as soon as possible just by listening to the radio at home. They also find entertainment like drama, music, etc. on the radio. They can also use radio to send their family messages. Radio is also good for saying hello to a friend orn sends other kinds of messages just as a social interaction. The radio is very important to the police, too. During emergencies where telephones do not work and transportation is impossible, using radio will be very useful.

The history of the radio begins with Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian expert at telegraph. In 1901 he succeeded in transmitting the Morse code signal for the letter S from Cornwall, England to Newfoundland across the Atlantic.

Plants

Plants are living beings. They need food, water and air for survival.

Plants derive their food from the earth and the air. If you look at their roots, you will find that ends of these roots are like fine fibers. We call them root-hairs. They absorb water and minerals, then transport them upwards to the leaves through the trunk and the branches. It is the leaves which prepare the food.

The green material, chlorophyll, prepares the food like a machine. It converts the carbon dioxide taken from the air and water from the ground into sugar with the help of sunlight. This chemical reaction is called photosynthes. In fact, the chlorophyll takes energy from the sunlight and uses it to synthesize the hydrogen from water and carbon from carbon dioxide for making sugar. This reaction also gives out oxygen and water which are excreted by the leaves.

Penguins

Penguins are birds that cannot fly. There are eighteen different species. They are all splendid swimmers and can propel themselves through the water at rate of 30 kilometers per hour. They live only in the southern seas of the world, on the island of Australia, in New Zealand, South Africa and southern South America. Those that live in the snow and ice cannot build nests.

The biggest are the Emperor penguins which stand about 1.2 meters and weigh about 75 kilograms. When a female lays an egg, it is the male that keeps it off the ice by resting it on top of his feet. When the chick hatches, the male, which will not have eaten for two months, then goes off to feed while the female stays with the chick to-feed and protect it.

Adelle penguins gather in huge colonies, sometimes as many as half a million in one group.

Rock hopper penguins are so called because of the way they hop from rock to rock. They have long crests on their heads. Their chicks are covered with soft down when hathced. They are helpless at first and needed to be looked for several weeks.

As far back as 1499 it was noted that the jackass penguin brayed like an ass. It is also known as the black-footed penguin. Gentoo penguins live on many of the Antartic islands. They are very friendly and do not fear man. King penguins also live in the Antartic. They toboggan on their stomachs at the great speed on the ice to escape their enemies.

Human Body Energy

Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat. However do we know how much we need to stay healthy?

The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the people are involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc.

The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances. They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains different proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are all important for body staying healthy.

Kinds of Earthquake

Earthquake often happens around us. It brings great damages. Earthquake is hard to be predicted and that makes lot victims.

Actually there are three kinds of earthquake. This kinds of earthquake are commonly base on the factor and geological area where the earthquakes happen. These three kinds of earthquake are tectonic, volcanic and explosion.

Tectonic earthquakes is most common one. This kind of earthquake happens while earth's crust rocks break because of the geological strength created by moving of the earth's plates.

Volcanic earthquakes happen exactly with volcanic activity. Volcanic earthquakes are when the volcano produces acidic lava, which drys quickly, when it drys quickly it blocks the top of the volcano. This make no more magma can escape. Pressure starts to build up and eventually the acidic lava can no longer stand the pressure. So the volcano is free to explode, the pressure is released so fast that an earthquake is caused. A volcanic earthquake is usually kept within 10-20 miles of the volcano.

Explosion earthquakes are the result of the collapse earthquakes that are small earthquakes occurring in underground mines and caverns.

Elephant

An elephant is the largest and strongest of all animals. It is a strange looking animal which it has thick legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all, elephant has a long nose, the trunk. An elephant is commonly seen in a zoo, it has hard found in it natural habitat.

The trunk is the elephant's peculiar feature. This trunk has various usages. The elephant draws up water by its trunk and can squirt the water all over its body like a shower bath. The elephant's trunk also lift leaves and put them into its mouth. In fact, the trunk serves the elephant as long arm and hand. An elephant looks very clumsy and heavy and yet an elephant can move very quickly.

The elephant is very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength makes an elephant a very useful servant to man. Elephant can be trained to serve in various ways such as carry heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight. An elephant is really a smart animal.

Volcano Eruption

Volcanic eruptions have caused some of the worst disasters in the world. They can wipe out entire cities and kill thousands of people.

The name of volcano comes from Roman term. It derives from VULCAN which is the name of Roman fire god. Romans believed that Vulcan lived on a volcanic Italian coast. Romans called the island VULCANO.

According to scientists, volcanic eruptions are divided in to four basic groups. They are commonly known as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian and Peleean. The term of Hawaiian eruptions are named after the volcanoes in Hawaii. These volcanic eruptions are the least violent type. They produce highly fluid lava which flows quietly. This gradually builds up a shield volcano.

Strombolian eruptions are named after Stromboli. These result from the constant release of gas from the magma. As the gas escapes, it produces tephra that piles up, turning into a cinder cone. Strombolian eruptions happen when sticky magma plugs the central vent. This makes the magmatic gas build up pressure until it blasts. The magma is turned into volcanic dust and bombs.

Vulcanian eruption which comes from the ancient Roman belief, are more violent than the strombolian eruption. Vulcanian eruption happens and brings magma which is more viscous. Vulcanian explosions are usually larger and noisier than the Strombolian eruptions.

Paleean eruptions are famous as the most violent kind of volcanic eruptions. The name of paleean comes from the eruption of Mount Pelee, Martinique in 1902. It killed almost 38 thousands people. A Peleean eruption occurs when the magmatic gas build up tremendous pressure. This causes violent explosions with glowing clouds of hot ash and dust.

What is a tornado?

Tornadoes are known as one of the most damaging disasters. What is the description of tornadoes? A tornado is a very powerful column of winds which spirals around a center of low atmospheric pressure. A tornado will look like a large black funnel which hangs down from a storm cloud.

The name "tornado" derives from the Latin "tonare". It means "to thunder." While the Spanish developed the word into "tornear" which means "to turn or twist". This is why a tornado is sometimes called twister or cyclone.

The winds inside a twister can spin around at speeds up to 500 miles an hour, but it usually travels at roughly 300 miles an hour. This speed twisting makes a tornado the most dangerous storm.

The average tornado has a diameter of about 200 to 300 yards. The smaller tornadoes are known as satellite tornadoes. These small offspring, about 50 yards across, can be very fierce and do lots of damage.

The forming of a tornado can be very quick. Sometimes it can form in a minute or less. A tornado can travel across the ground at high speeds, then it can suddenly vanish. Most tornadoes last less than twenty minutes and travel less than 15 miles. However, the super storms sometimes travel over 100 miles before they are exhausted.

Komodo Dragon

Do you know what is the largest lizard? This lizard is called komodo. It lives in the scrub and woodland of a few Indonesian islands.

Komodo dragon is the world's heaviest lizard, weighing 150 pounds or more. The largest Komodo ever measured was more than 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366 pounds (166 kg) but the average size of komodo in the wild is about 8 feet (2.5 meters) long and 200 pounds (91 kg)

Komodo has gray scaly skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs and a muscular tail. They use their keen sense of smell to locate decaying animal remains from several miles away. They also hunt other lizards as well as large mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic.

The Komodo dragon's teeth are almost completely covered by its gums. When it feeds, the gums bleed, creating an ideal culture for virulent bacteria. The bacteria that live in the Komodo dragon's saliva causes septicemia, or blood poisoning, in its victims. A dragon will bite its prey, then follow it until the animal is too weak to carry on.

This lizard species is threatened by hunting, loss of prey species and habitat loss.